1 Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is among the most prevalent degenerative joint diseases globally, affecting more than 500 million people worldwide and ranking as the leading cause of disability among adults aged 50 years and older ( Ferroptosis, first reported in 2012, is a novel form of cell death distinct from classical apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis ( Due to the possible critical role of ferroptosis in OA, there has been a surge of interest in elucidating its molecular mechanisms and exploring potential therapeutic strategies
With prolonged or repeated stress exposure, however, the central drive of the HPA axis gradually weakens, and negative feedback regulation becomes dysregulated, resulting in a sustained state of low cortisol levels and blunted stress responsiveness
The mechanism involves deactivating the tyrosinase enzyme responsible for skin pigmentation
10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04274-0 145 MarioG.Niso-SantanoM.BaehreckeE
The mean change from baseline and across sessions in success rate in achieving rewards through effort exertion was used to evaluate changes in objective motivation
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed), DOI: 10.2741/4459 Ando, S., Tadenuma, T., Tanaka, Y., Fukui, F., Kobayashi, S., Ohashi, Y., & Kawabata, T
